writing - What (grammatical) tense to use when doing reference in a paper?


For example, A published a paper with title B in 2000.


Then, in my paper:



A says / said that [C works / worked out perfectly].



and



B illustrates / illustrated that [C works / worked out perfectly].



As the content between [] is derived from the original paper, the tense may vary.


The pair of the simple present tense (in the source) and the simple past tense (in my current paper) is used as an example.



Answer



The 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) has this to say on page 33:




  1. For literature review and description of procedure (if of past events): use the past tense ("Jiang showed") or present perfect ("Jiang has shown").




  2. For describing results: use the past tense (e.g., "weight increased marginally").




  3. For discussing results and presenting conclusions: use the present tense (e.g., "The results of this study suggest").




According to the APA, using the present tense for (3) includes the readers in "deliberating the matter at hand" (Publication manual, APA, p. 33). In other words, readers feel as if they are part of the final process of arriving at the all-important conclusion.


More on tenses can be found on pp. 41-44. Areas discussed include:




  • preferring the active voice over the passive (e.g., "Jiang designed the experiment" NOT "The experiment was designed by Jiang").


    Note, however, that the passive is acceptable in some situations; the APA gives expository writing as an example and in instances where you intend to emphasise the "object or recipient of the action" (APA, p. 42). You might also want to use the passive to soften the impact of sentence after sentence written in the active voice.




  • using the past tense for "specific, definite" (APA, p. 42) situations in the past (e.g., "Jiang (2010) presented similar findings.").



  • using the present perfect tense for expressing the same situations in the point above that are neither specific nor definite (APA p.43)(no example of this from me) or for describing "an action beginning in the past and continuing to the present" (APA, p. 43), (e.g., "Since the publication of the experiment, researchers have attempted to disprove its results").

  • using the subjunctive (best that you read it for yourself, in fact, you should try to get hold of a copy of the APA's manual and go over the various sections. That would be better than anything I could summarize here for you.)


APA's website is www.apastyle.org


Disclaimer: All examples are mine.


Hope this helps


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