backshifting - sentence structure and sequence of tense


In sentence structure of indirect speech like - (He said +........... , He informed +....... , He claimed + .......... ), I am aware that if the situation is still relevant then back shifting of present perfect tense is optional.


But what if the sentence structure is not an indirect speech but something like - ( He learned + ........... , He noticed +.......... , He found +....... ) here is back shifting of present perfect tense optional if the situation is still relevant ?




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